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Smoking improving negative moods8/25/2023 ![]() ![]() The literature is still lacking studies investigating sex differences of perceived stress associated with smoking behavior and nicotine related symptomatology. Another found that nicotine dependence and urges played a larger role in smoking relapse in women than men ( Westmass & Langsam, 2005). One study found that perceived stress had a stronger association with nicotine dependence in women more so than men ( Dupont, Reynaud, & Aubin, 2012). Further, differences have been found between the role of perceived stress and smoking between genders. These include: racial/ethnic minority status, lower income and lower education levels ( Siahpush, Yong, Borland, Reid, & Hammond, 2009 Slopen et al., 2013). Several sociodemographic stressors have also been identified as being associated with a higher prevalence of smoking. However, several studies have shown that while smoking may temporarily relieve perceived stress, it actually may generate or aggravate negative emotional states and propagate negative coping strategies leading to overall higher stress levels ( Hajeck, Taylor, & McRobbie, 2010 Parrot, 1995 Stein et al., 2008). The conventional wisdom is that smokers use cigarettes to relieve stress. There are several theories on the role of stress and smoking behaviors. Many studies have found that smokers use cigarettes to relieve stress which contributes, in part, to persistent smoking ( Bryant, Bonevski, Paul, O'Brien, & Oakes, 2011 Slopen et al., 2012 Slopen et al., 2013 Stein et al., 2008). Perceived stress has been found to be associated with greater odds of smoking in several cross-sectional studies ( Gallo et al., 2014 Webb & Carey, 2008). Perceived stress is defined as “the feelings or thoughts that a person has about how much stress they are under over a given time period” ( Qian et al., 2010).
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